New nomenclatural combinations for taxa of Pentanema ( Asteraceae ) occurring in Ukraine

Recent molecular phylogenetic results demonstrated that the genus Inula in its traditional circumscription is polyphyletic and its type, I. helenium, belongs to a clade phylogenetically distant from the clade containing the majority of species earlier placed in Inula. The nomenclatural proposal to conserve the generic name Inula with I. hirta as the conserved type has not been adopted. Because of that the genus Inula s. str. now comprises ca. 5 species (I. helenium and its relatives). The genus Pentanema was considerably re-circumscribed to include most of taxa earlier treated in Inula. Several taxa of Inula s.l. occurring in Ukraine, however, did not have respective names available in Pentanema, but such names are needed for the forthcoming checklist of vascular plants of Ukraine (in preparation). The following new nomenclatural combinations are validated: Pentanema asperum (Poir.) G.V.Boiko & Korniyenko, comb. nov. (Inula aspera Poir.), P. caspicum (F.K.Blum) G.V.Boiko, Korniyenko & Mosyakin, comb. nov. (I. caspica F.K.Blum in Ledeb.), P. × medium (M.Bieb.) G.V.Boiko & Korniyenko, comb. nov. (I. media M.Bieb.), and P. sabuletorum (Czern. ex Lavrenko) G.V.Boiko & Korniyenko, comb. nov. (I. sabuletorum Czern. ex Lavrenko). Additionally, two new subspecies-rank combinations, P. salicinum (L.) D. Gut.Larr. et al. subsp. asperum (Poir.) Mosyakin and P. salicinum subsp. sabuletorum (Czern. ex Lavrenko) Mosyakin, comb. nov., are proposed by the third author.


Introduction
Recent taxonomic and molecular phylogenetic results (see Anderberg, 1991;Anderberg et al., 2005;Anderberg, Eldenäs, 2007;Nylinder, Anderberg, 2015;Gutiérrez-Larruscain et al., 2018, and references therein) demonstrated that the genus Inula L. (Linnaeus, 1753) (Asteraceae) in its traditionally accepted circumscription is polyphyletic.The type of the genus, I. helenium L. (designated by Britton and Brown, 1913: 457;and confirmed by Hitchcock and Green, 1929: 182; see also Art. 10.6 and 10.7 of the ICN: Turland et al., 2018), belongs to a phylo-genetically distinct clade that is rather distant from the largest clade containing most of the species earlier placed in Inula.The recognition of that clade as a separate genus required numerous new combinations and was considered disruptive for nomenclature.Because of that, the nomenclatural proposal to conserve the generic name Inula with I. hirta L. as the conserved type has been made (Santos-Vicente et al., 2012).In our opinion, that nomenclatutal solution was best for the nomenclatural stability.Unfortunately, that conservation proposal has not been adopted (Applequist, 2013) "considering that transferring the well-known medicinal species I. helenium to the unfamiliar genus Corvisartia would cause confusion, particularly among non-specialists" (see Gutiérrez-Larruscain et al., 2018: 150).Thus, now the genus Inula s. str.comprises only ca. 5 species (I.helenium and its relatives).
Recently the genus Pentanema was considerably recircumscribed to include most of taxa usually treated in Inula in the past, and numerous required nomenclatural novelties (new combinations) have been validated by Gutiérrez-Larruscain et al. (2018) his study at Dorpat University (now the University of Tartu, Estonia) in 1813-1815, since 1817 worked as a public health inspector in Astrakhan and collected plants along the Volga from Astrakhan upstream to Sarepta (now part of Volgograd).Blum evidently met Ledebour at Dorpat University where Ledebour was a professor during 1811-1836.Herbarium specimens collected by Blum were used by Ledebour when he prepared his Flora Rossica; they are still present in the Ledebour herbarium in LE, and also in MW (Lipschitz, 1947;Shcherbakova, 1979).

Note:
The original text from the protologue by Lavrenko was reproduced in toto in Botschantzev (1959: 636).
New nomenclatural combinations in Pentanema for these taxa are provided below.
Because of the remaining taxonomic and nomenclatural uncertainties regarding the proper application and typification (and in some cases even validity) of various names used for the Pannonian and some other central-southeastern European (mainly Hungarian and Romanian) plants of the Pentanema salicinum / Inula salicina group (e.g., in Schur, 1972;Borbás, 1888;Beck, 1882, Nyárády, 1964, etc.), we prefer here to use for the psammophytic race occurring in Ukraine the epithet sabuletorum that is certainly applicable to our taxon.and Olga Korniyenko), who prefer the species rank for P. asperum and P. sabuletorum.
However, the wide morphological variation within the P. salicinum group and the presence of forms supposedly transitional or morphologically intermediate between P. salicinum s. str., P. asperum, and P. sabuletorum resulted in recognition of several infraspecific entities within the taxon earlier known as Inula salicina s.l.(see above).Because of that the third author (Sergei Mosyakin) is in favor of the subspecies rank for the two taxa originally described as Inula aspera and I. sabuletorum, to be treated now as two subspecies of P. salicinum.
The corresponding subspecies-rank combinations are validated below.They should not be treated as alternative names (which are invalid under the current Code: Art.36.3 of the ICN: Turland et al., 2018; see also Mosyakin, McNeill, 2016) because, even if validated in the same publications, they are proposed and accepted by different authors.Alternative names are defined by the ICN (Art. 36.3 and Glossary: Turland et al., 2018) as names based on the same type and "accepted simultaneously for the same taxon by the same author [emphasis added] and accepted as alternatives by that author [emphasis added] in the same publication".
Thus, the species-rank combinations are validated above by Boiko and Korniyenko, while the subspeciesrank combinations below are explicitly accepted by Mosyakin.

New nomenclatural combinations for taxa of Pentanema (Asteraceae) occurring in Ukraine
. Several taxa of Inula s.l.occurring in Ukraine, however, still do not have available names in Pentanema,